KNOWLEDGE π

   AZIZUL KHAN Khan Bahadur Qazi Azizul Haque (1872 – 1935) was a Bengali inventor and police officer in British India, notable for his work with Edward Henry and Hem Chandra Bose in developing the Henry Classification System of fingerprints, which is still in use. Haque provided the mathematical basis for the system. Haque was born in 1872 in the village of Paigram Kasba, Phultala, in the Khulna division of the Bengal Presidency (now in Bangladesh). His parents died in a boat accident when he was young. He left his family home at age 12 and went to Kolkata, where he befriended a family who became impressed with his mathematical skills and arranged for him to get a formal education. Haque studied mathematics and science at Presidency College, Kolkata. In 1892, Edward Henry of the Calcutta Police wrote to the college principal asking for the recommendation of a strong statistics student to help with his fingerprint project, and the principal nominated Haque. Henry recruited Haq...

ঘূর্ণিঝড় নাম করন: ঘূর্ণিঝড় বা ঘূর্ণিবাত্যা হল ক্রান্তীয় অঞ্চলের সমুদ্রে সৃষ্ট বৃষ্টি, বজ্র ও প্রচন্ড ঘূর্ণি বাতাস সংবলিত আবহাওয়ার একটি নিম্ন-চাপ প্রক্রিয়া যা নিরক্ষীয় অঞ্চলে উৎপন্ন তাপকে মেরু অঞ্চলের দিকে প্রবাহিত করে। এই ধরনের ঝড়ে বাতাস প্রবল বেগে ঘুরতে ঘুরতে ছুটে চলে বলে এর নামকরণ হয়েছে ঘূর্ণিঝড়। ঘূর্ণিঝড়ের ঘূর্ণন উত্তর গোলার্ধে ঘড়ির কাঁটার বিপরীত দিকে এবং দক্ষিণ গোলার্ধে ঘড়ির কাঁটার দিকে। ঘূর্ণিঝড় উপকূলে আঘাত হানলে যদিও দুর্যোগের সৃষ্টি হয়, কিন্তু এটি আবহাওয়ার একটি স্বাভাবিক প্রক্রিয়া, যা পৃথিবীতে তাপের ভারসাম্য রক্ষা করে। গড়ে পৃথিবীতে প্রতি বছর প্রায় ৮০ টি ঘূর্ণিঝড় সৃষ্টি হয়। এর অধিকাংশই সমুদ্রে মিলিয়ে যায়, কিন্তু যে অল্প সংখ্যক উপকূলে আঘাত হানে তা অনেক সময় ভয়াবহ ক্ষতি সাধন করে আন্তর্জাতিক নিয়ম অনুসারে যে মহাসাগরে ঘূর্ণিঝড় তৈরি হয়, তার অববাহিকায় থাকা দেশগুলি তার নামকরণ করে। মোট ১১টি সংস্থা ঘূর্ণিঝড়ের নাম ঠিক করে। আবহবিদদের মতে, সাধারণ মানুষের কাছে ঝড় সম্পর্কে তথ্য পৌঁছে দিতে হলে একটা সহজ নাম থাকা দরকারি। তা না হলে একই সময় একই সমুদ্রে একাধিক ঝড় থাকলে চ...

  NANOTECHNOLOGY Nanotechnology,  also shortened to nanotech, is the use of matter on an atomic, molecular, and supramolecular scale for industrial purposes. The earliest, widespread description of nanotechnology referred to the particular technological goal of precisely manipulating atoms and molecules for fabrication of macroscale products, also now referred to as molecular nanotechnology.[1][2] A more generalized description of nanotechnology was subsequently established by the National Nanotechnology Initiative, which defined nanotechnology as the manipulation of matter with at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometers. This definition reflects the fact that quantum mechanical effects are important at this quantum-realm scale, and so the definition shifted from a particular technological goal to a research category inclusive of all types of research and technologies that deal with the special properties of matter which occur below the given size threshold. It is t...

 In 2010 at The Meeting of the States Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and Their Destruction in Geneva[] the sanitary epidemiological reconnaissance was suggested as well-tested means for enhancing the monitoring of infections and parasitic agents, for the practical implementation of the International Health Regulations (2005). The aim was to prevent and minimize the consequences of natural outbreaks of dangerous infectious diseases as well as the threat of alleged use of biological weapons against BTWC States Parties. Many countries require their active-duty military personnel to get vaccinated for certain diseases that may potentially be used as a bioweapon such as anthrax. Public health and disease surveillance It is important to note that most classical and modern biological weapons' pathogens can be obtained from a plant or an animal which is naturally infected. In the ...

  Anti-Personnel The international biological hazard symbol Ideal characteristics of a biological agent to be used as a weapon against humans are high infectivity, high virulence, non-availability of vaccines and availability of an effective and efficient delivery system. Stability of the weaponized agent (the ability of the agent to retain its infectivity and virulence after a prolonged period of storage) may also be desirable, particularly for military applications, and the ease of creating one is often considered. Control of the spread of the agent may be another desired characteristic. The primary difficulty is not the production of the biological agent, as many biological agents used in weapons can be manufactured relatively quickly, cheaply and easily. Rather, it is the weaponization, storage, and delivery in an effective vehicle to a vulnerable target that pose significant problems. For example, Bacillus anthracis is considered an effective agent for several reasons. First, ...

ENTOMOLOGICAL                 WARFARE    is a type of biological warfare that uses insects to attack the enemy. The concept has existed for centuries and research and development have continued into the modern era. EW has been used in battle by Japan and several other nations have developed and been accused of using an entomological warfare program. EW may employ insects in a direct attack or as vectors to deliver a biological agent, such as plague. Essentially, EW exists in three varieties. One type of EW involves infecting insects with a pathogen and then dispersing the insects over target areas.[] The insects then act as a vector, infecting any person or animal they might bite. Another type of EW is a direct insect attack against crops; the insect may not be infected with any pathogen but instead represents a threat to agriculture. The final method uses uninfected insects, such as bees or wasps, to directly attack the enemy.   ...

  BIO TERRORISM  Biological weapons are difficult to detect, economical and easy to use, making them appealing to terrorists. The cost of a biological weapon is estimated to be about 0.05 percent the cost of a conventional weapon in order to produce similar numbers of mass casualties per kilometer square. Moreover, their production is very easy as common technology can be used to produce biological warfare agents, like that used in production of vaccines, foods, spray devices, beverages and antibiotics. A major factor in biological warfare that attracts terrorists is that they can easily escape before the government agencies or secret agencies have even started their investigation. This is because the potential organism has an incubation period of 3 to 7 days, after which the results begin to appear, thereby giving terrorists a lead. A technique called Clustered, Regularly Interspaced, Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR-Cas9) is now so cheap and widely available that scientists ...

  BIOLOGICAL                ATTACK  A biological attack could conceivably result in large numbers of civilian casualties and cause severe disruption to economic and societal infrastructure. A nation or group that can pose a credible threat of mass casualty has the ability to alter the terms under which other nations or groups interact with it. When indexed to weapon mass and cost of development and storage, biological weapons possess destructive potential and loss of life far in excess of nuclear, chemical or conventional weapons. Accordingly, biological agents are potentially useful as strategic deterrents, in addition to their utility as offensive weapons on the battlefield. As a tactical weapon for military use, a significant problem with biological warfare is that it would take days to be effective, and therefore might not immediately stop an opposing force. Some biological agents (smallpox, pneumonic plague) have the capability of p...

    LAW OF               BIOWEAPON International restrictions on biological warfare began with the 1925 Geneva Protocol, which prohibits the use but not the possession or development of biological and chemical weapons. Upon ratification of the Geneva Protocol, several countries made reservations regarding its applicability and use in retaliation. Due to these reservations, it was in practice a "no-first-use" agreement only.[] The 1972 Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) supplements the Geneva Protocol by prohibiting the development, production, acquisition, transfer, stockpiling and use of biological weapons.[] Having entered into force on 26 March 1975, the BWC was the first multilateral disarmament treaty to ban the production of an entire category of weapons of mass destruction.[] As of March 2021, 183 states have become party to the treaty.[60] The BWC is considered to have established a strong global norm against biological weapons,[] wh...

      The HISTORY OF                     BIOWEAPON Antiquity and Middle Ages  Rudimentary forms of biological warfare have been practiced since antiquity. The earliest documented incident of the intention to use biological weapons is recorded in Hittite texts of 1500–1200 BCE, in which victims of tularemia were driven into enemy lands, causing an epidemic.  The Assyrians poisoned enemy wells with the fungus ergot, though with unknown results. Scythian archers dipped their arrows and Roman soldiers their swords into excrements and cadavers – victims were commonly infected by tetanus as result. In 1346, the bodies of Mongol warriors of the Golden Horde who had died of plague were thrown over the walls of the besieged Crimean city of Kaffa. Specialists disagree about whether this operation was responsible for the spread of the Black Death into Europe, Near East and North Africa, resulting in the deaths of approximat...

    BIOLOGICAL                                WARFARE               also known as germ warfare, is the use of biological toxins or infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, insects, and fungi with the intent to kill, harm or incapacitate humans, animals or plants as an act of war. Biological weapons (often termed "bio-weapons", "biological threat agents", or "bio-agents") are living organisms or replicating entities ( ⁠i.e. viruses, which are not universally considered "alive"). Entomological (insect) warfare is a subtype of biological warfare. ★ Offensive biological warfare is prohibited under customary international humanitarian law and several international treaties.In particular, the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) bans the development, production, acquisition, transfer, stockpiling and use of biological weapons. Therefore, the use of bio...

                    KOHINOOR                         ... a nomadic diamond.  History of precious diamond Kohinoor:  The Mughal Emperor Babur said "Its price could feed all the people of the whole world for one day". Kohinoor is one of the world's most adorable and valuable diamonds of all time. This rare beautiful brilliant diamond has been one of the most adored objects in the world ever since it was lost from its original owner in the Kakatiya region of Orangal, India. Never bought or sold, this priceless diamond changed hands from many empires such as the Khilji, Mughal, Persian, Afghan and the British before finally landing a place in the Tower of London. Our today's article is about the history of precious diamond Kohinoor. The complex history of the priceless Kohinoor diamond dates back to the 13th century. Weighing 793 carats, this massive diamond originate...